The federal EEO statutes, such as Title VII, the ADA, and the ADEA, prohibit retaliation for engaging in a protected activity under those statutes. Protected activities are typically categorized as either (i) participating in an EEO process or (ii) opposing a practice made unlawful by one of the EEO statutes. Participation in an EEO process may include providing witness information, or otherwise assisting in an EEO or internal company investigation. Opposing a practice made unlawful by an EEO statute may include, for example, complaining to one's employer regarding alleged discrimination, resisting unwanted sexual advances, or refusing to obey managerial orders reasonably believed to be discriminatory.
The EEOC's draft updated Guidance greatly expands the scope of employee activity protected under the EEO statutes. For example, in the past, courts regularly held that an employee was not "participating" in an EEO process by contributing to an internal company investigation unless the investigation was in conjunction with a formal EEO charge. According to the updated Guidance, however, participation in an entirely internal company investigation, absent any formal EEO charge, would be considered protected activity.
Further, under the updated Guidance, an employee may allege retaliation against his or her employer where a family member working for the same employer suffers adverse employment action as a result of the employee's own protected activities.
Finally, the draft updated Guidance also interprets Title VII's definition of an employer's "adverse employment action" to reach beyond hiring, firing, and promotional decisions. According to the EEOC's proposals, an employee may justifiably assert a claim of retaliation under Title VII for more subtle adverse employment actions, such as reprimands, threats, transfers to less desirable work locations, negative evaluations, or assignment of less desirable work.